Paradigm Shift

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Ambassador Joachim Rücker, former President of the United Nations Human Rights Council and former Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo, about the future of the rules-based international order. Drawing on decades of diplomatic experience, Ambassador Rücker argues that today's geopolitical tensions represent a genuine paradigm shift that demands both renewed commitment to international law and meaningful institutional reform.
The conversation explores practical proposals for strengthening the United Nations, the challenges artificial intelligence and digital surveillance pose to human rights, and why implementation, rather than the absence of norms, remains the greatest weakness of the international system. Despite mounting pressures, Ambassador Rücker offers a cautiously optimistic vision for reform and explains why the United Nations remains indispensable to global governance.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Ambassador Dr. István Lakatos about human rights diplomacy in a fragmented and increasingly geopolitical world order. Drawing on decades of experience in multilateral diplomacy, Ambassador Lakatos argues that diplomacy has not collapsed, but its political layer has changed dramatically. Quiet technical work continues, while public diplomacy is increasingly shaped by speed, social media, artificial intelligence, and domestic political narratives. He explains why human rights institutions are bending under pressure rather than breaking, and why today’s challenge is less normative expansion than normative defense.
The conversation explores UN reform, issue-based coalitions, the role of small and middle powers, AI’s impact on diplomacy, and the importance of credibility for the next generation. At its core, this episode offers a cautious but hopeful view of how diplomats, institutions, and civil society can still shape the future. 

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Axel M. Addy, former Minister of Commerce and Industry of Liberia and founder of the Trade for Peace initiative, about the often-overlooked relationship between economic development and stability. They discuss how trade can help reduce the drivers of conflict, why economic opportunity matters for lasting peace, and how emerging technologies are reshaping the future of development. From artificial intelligence to global supply chains, Axel offers a practical perspective on the challenges and opportunities facing governments seeking to build more resilient and prosperous societies.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Berhanemeskel Nega, veteran diplomat, former senior United Nations peacekeeping official, and Senior Peace Fellow at PILPG, about Africa's place in a rapidly changing global order.
Drawing on more than three decades of experience in diplomacy, mediation, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding, Berhanemeskel examines the transition from a unipolar world toward an increasingly multipolar system and what that shift means for international institutions, regional organizations, and conflict-affected states. He reflects on the evolution of UN peacekeeping, the growing role of the African Union, the consequences of great power competition across the continent, and the internal challenges that continue to shape Africa's ability to influence global affairs. The conversation also explores Ethiopia's future, the promise and risks of artificial intelligence, and why sustainable peace ultimately depends on countries resolving their own internal conflicts while engaging constructively with regional and international partners.
This episode offers a practitioner's perspective on power, peace, and the opportunities and challenges facing Africa in the emerging global order.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Ambassador Elayne Whyte, former Permanent Representative of Costa Rica to the United Nations in Geneva and President of the 2017 United Nations Conference to Negotiate a Legally Binding Instrument to Prohibit Nuclear Weapons that negotiated and adopted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which entered into force in 2021. In this episode, Ambassador Whyte argues that the world is experiencing a profound renegotiation of the existing international order rather than a clean break from it. She explores how power is becoming more crowded at the top, why small states still depend on rules and institutions, and how Costa Rica has used diplomacy, law, and coalition building to exert influence beyond its size. The conversation also examines inequality, artificial intelligence, regional dynamics in Central America, and the challenge of preserving human rights and cooperation in a more fragmented world.This episode offers a thoughtful reflection on how diplomats can adapt global governance while preserving the core principles that underpin international cooperation.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Dr. Charles Tenenbaum, Associate Professor at Sciences Po Lille and expert on international mediation and conflict resolution, to examine how France and Europe are responding to the accelerating transformation of the global order.
Drawing on decades of work in diplomacy, mediation, and international security, Dr. Tenenbaum explores France’s evolving vision of strategic autonomy, the future of the rules-based international order, and the growing pressure on Europe to assume greater responsibility for its own security. The conversation examines Russia’s war against Ukraine, the future of NATO and European defense integration, and the challenges facing the European Union as it balances enlargement, flexibility, and political cohesion.
The discussion also turns to the Global South, artificial intelligence, and the broader competition shaping the next international system. Throughout, Dr. Tenenbaum reflects on whether Europe can remain both a normative and strategic power in an increasingly fragmented and contested world.
This episode offers a timely and nuanced assessment of diplomacy, power, and global governance at a moment of profound geopolitical transition.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Dr. Brianne McGonagle Leyh, Professor of Global Justice Studies at Utrecht University and Director of the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, about the fragility and enduring power of international law during a period of profound global transition.
 
Drawing on her work in human rights, transitional justice, and accountability, Dr. McGonagle Leyh reflects on why international law has always depended on political will, how double standards undermine legitimacy, and why today’s crises reveal both the weaknesses and resilience of the rules-based order. The conversation explores the relationship between law and power, the role of victims and civil society in shaping accountability, and how universities and new technologies are becoming increasingly important actors in global justice.
 
They also discuss the impact of artificial intelligence and digital investigations on documenting atrocities and preserving evidence during active conflict. This episode offers a thoughtful and grounded examination of what international law can still achieve in an increasingly fractured world.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams sits down with Ruhee Neog, Director of the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies in New Delhi, to examine whether today’s geopolitical turbulence reflects a true paradigm shift or a series of overlapping transitions within an evolving global order.
 
They explore why the world may still be experiencing a strained unipolar moment rather than a fully realized multipolar system, how assumptions about global order can shape policy in real time, and what this means for emerging powers like India. Ruhee unpacks India’s strategy of multi alignment and strategic autonomy, describing how states are diversifying relationships to navigate pressure from competing major powers.
 
The conversation also turns to nuclear stability, the growing role of misinformation in crisis escalation, and how technological competition, especially in artificial intelligence, is reshaping global power structures. Ruhee introduces the idea of “empathetic realism” as a framework for understanding adversaries and crafting more effective policy in an increasingly fragmented world.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams speaks with Kat Fotovat, a global expert on gender, artificial intelligence, and international security, to explore how technological disruption and shifting power structures are reshaping the role of women in peacebuilding.
 
Drawing on two decades of experience across conflict and post conflict settings, Kat reflects on the evolution of gender policy within international institutions and the growing challenges facing women peacebuilders today. She outlines the core dimensions of gender work, including prevention of violence, protection of rights, and the promotion of women’s participation across political and economic life.
 
The conversation then turns to the accelerating impact of artificial intelligence. Kat explains how AI is already being used both to empower and to target women, from enhancing advocacy and early warning systems to enabling harassment through deepfakes and disinformation. She shares how her organization, Peace Pays, is working to equip women peacebuilders with the tools, training, and safeguards needed to operate effectively in this new environment.
 
Looking ahead, Kat examines the broader paradigm shift underway in the global order, including the growing influence of private technology companies and the implications for international norms and governance. She introduces the concept of embedding a “maternal instinct” into AI systems as a way to promote empathy, safety, and human centered outcomes.
 
This episode offers a forward looking perspective on the intersection of gender, technology, and power, and what it will take to ensure that the next generation of global systems remains inclusive, effective, and grounded in human rights.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams sits down with Dr. Łukasz Adamski, historian, political scientist, and Deputy Director of the Mieroszewski Dialogue Centre, to discuss the profound historical and political shifts redefining Eastern Europe’s role in the global order.
 
They discuss why 70 to 80 percent of modern politics is actually a discussion about history, how Poland’s "deep trauma" of 1939 shapes its current skepticism toward international security guarantees, and whether the European Union can ever truly function as a global superpower without a unified public opinion or a federalized military. Dr. Adamski also reflects on his work advising President Zelenskyy’s team and why the current paradigm shift is moving the region away from a reliance on law toward a necessary focus on military self-reliance.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams sits down with two prominent former senior Mexican diplomats, Ambassador Rubén Beltrán and Ambassador Jorge Lomónaco, to examine Mexico's place in the shifting global order and the difficult choices it faces as a rising middle power caught between geography, history, and a transforming international system.
 
They discuss why Mexico sits between a rock and a hard place in its relationship with the United States, how Latin America's deep fragmentation limits Mexico's regional ambitions, and whether the window for meaningful diversification is already closing or just beginning to open.

In this episode of Lawyering Peace, Dr. Paul Williams sits down with Dr. Kushtrim Istrefi, Senior Peace Fellow at PILPG, Associate Professor of Public International Law and Human Rights at Utrecht University, and substitute member of the Venice Commission, to interrogate whether the rules-based international order is fracturing, evolving, or simply revealing what it always was.
 
They discuss why Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine and the recent policies of the Trump administration represent two distinct but compounding shocks to the system of international law, whether the global order was ever truly rules-based or always an imperfect architecture serving the powerful, and why human rights sit at the most exposed frontline of the current paradigm shift.